Apr 02, · Albert Camus became known for his political journalism, novels and essays during the s. His best-known works, including The Stranger () Mar 31, · Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military general who crowned himself the first emperor of France. His Napoleonic Code remains a model for governments worldwide Introductory Essays of the DCB/DBC. The Acadians. For Educators. Exploring the Explorers. The War of Canada’s Wartime Prime Ministers. The First World War. Tweet this. New Biography RICHARDSON, JOHN ANDREW. Minor Correction WARE,
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Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military general, the first emperor of France and one of the world's greatest military leaders. Napoleon revolutionized military organization and training, sponsored the Napoleonic Codereorganized education and established the long-lived Concordat with the papacy. Napoleon was the fourth, and second surviving, child of Carlo Buonaparte, a lawyer, and his wife, Biography essays Ramolino.
Around the time of Napoleon's birth, Corsica's occupation by the French had drawn considerable local resistance. Carlo Buonaparte had at first supported the nationalists siding with their leader, Pasquale Paoli. But after Paoli was forced to flee the island, Carlo switched his allegiance to the French. After doing so he was appointed assessor of the judicial district of Ajaccio inbiography essays, a plush job that eventually enabled him to enroll his two sons, Joseph and Napoleon, in France's College d'Autun.
Biography essays, Napoleon ended up at the military college of Brienne, biography essays, where he studied for five years, before moving on to the military academy in Paris. Inwhile Napoleon was at the academy, his father died of stomach cancer. This propelled Napoleon to take the reins as the head of the family. Graduating early from the military academy, Napoleon, now second lieutenant of artillery, returned biography essays Corsica in Back home, Napoleon got behind the Corsican resistance to the French occupation, siding with his father's former ally, Pasquale Paoli.
But the two soon biography essays a falling out, and when a civil war in Corsica began in AprilNapoleon, now an enemy of Paoli, and his family biography essays to France, where they assumed the French version of their name: Bonaparte. Napoleon stood about 5 feet and 7 inches tall, making him slightly taller than the average Frenchman of his time.
Much has been made of Napoleon's height, and legends claim that he was unusually short, biography essays, giving rise to the term "Napoleon complex," an inferiority complex sometimes associated with people of short stature, biography essays.
DOWNLOAD BIOGRAPHY'S NAPOLEON FACT CARD. The turmoil of the French Revolution created opportunities for ambitious military leaders like Napoleon. The young leader quickly showed his support for the Jacobins, a far-left political movement and the most well-known and popular political club from the French Revolution.
Inthree years after the Revolution had begun, France was declared a republic; the following year, King Louis XVI was executed. Ultimately, these acts led to the rise of Maximilien de Robespierre and what became, essentially, the dictatorship of the Committee of Public Safety. The years of and came to be known as the Reign of Terrorin which many as 40, biography essays, people were killed, biography essays. Eventually the Jacobins fell from power and Robespierre was executed.
Inthe Directory the French Revolutionary government took control of the country, a power it would it assume until After falling out of favor with Robespierre, Napoleon came into the good graces of the Directory in after he saved the government from counter-revolutionary forces. For his efforts, Napoleon was soon named commander of the Army of the Interior. In addition, he was a trusted advisor to the Directory on military matters. InNapoleon took the helm of the Army of Italy, biography essays, a post he'd been coveting.
The army, just 30, strong, disgruntled and underfed, was soon turned around by the young military commander. Under his direction, the reinvigorated army won numerous crucial victories biography essays the Austrians, greatly expanded the French empire and squashed an internal threat by the royalists, who wished to return France to a monarchy. All of these successes helped make Napoleon the military's brightest star. Napoleon married Joséphine de Beauharnais, biography essays, widow of General Alexandre de Beauharnais guillotined during the Reign of Terror and the mother of two children, on March 9,in a civil ceremony.
Joséphine was unable to give him a son, biography essays inNapoleon arranged for the annulment of their biography essays so that he could wed Marie-Louise, the year-old biography essays of biography essays emperor of Austria. On July 1,Napoleon and his army traveled to the Middle East to undermine Great Britain's empire by occupying Egypt and disrupting English trade routes to India. Napoleon's image - and that of France - were greatly harmed by the loss, and in a show of newfound confidence against the commander, Britain, Austria, Russia and Turkey formed a new coalition against France.
In the spring ofbiography essays, French armies were defeated in Italy, forcing France to give up much of the peninsula. In Biography essays, Napoleon returned to France, where he was welcomed as a popular biography essays leader. Following his return to France, Napoleon participated in an event known as the Coup of 18 Brumaire, biography essays, a bloodless coup d'etat that overthrew the French Directory.
The Directory was replaced by a three-member consulate after a series of political and military machinations orchestrated in large part by Napoleon's brother Lucien Bonaparte. Additionally, with the Treaty of Amiens inthe war-weary British agreed to peace with the French although the peace would only last for a year. Napoleon then returned to war with Britain, Russia and Austria.
Inthe British registered an important naval victory against France at the Battle of Trafalgarbiography essays, which led Napoleon to scrap his plans to invade England. Instead, he set his sights on Austria and Russia, biography essays, and beat back both militaries in the Battle of Austerlitz.
Other biography essays soon followed, allowing Napoleon to greatly expand the French empire and paving the way for loyalists to his government to be installed in Holland, Italy, Naples, Sweden, Spain and Westphalia, biography essays. On March 21,Napoleon instituted the Napoleonic Code, biography essays, otherwise known as the French Civil Code, parts of which are still in use around the world today.
The Napoleonic Code forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and stated that government jobs must be given to the most qualified. The Napoleonic Code followed Napoleon's new constitution, which created the first consul — a position which amounted to nothing less than a dictatorship.
Following the French Revolution, biography essays, unrest continued in France; in June ofa coup resulted in the left-wing radical group, the Jacobins, taking control of the Directory. Working with one of the new directors, Emmanuel Sieyes, Napoleon biography essays plans for a second coup that would place the pair along with Pierre-Roger Ducos atop a new government called the Consulate.
With the new guidelines, the first consul was permitted to appoint ministers, generals, civil servants, magistrates and even members of biography essays legislative assemblies. Napoleon would, of course, be the one who would fulfill the first consul's duties. In Februarythe new constitution was easily accepted.
He also negotiated a European peace, which lasted just three years before the start of the Napoleonic Wars. His reforms proved popular: In he was elected consul for life, and two years later he was proclaimed emperor of France.
In France was devastated when Napoleon's invasion of Russia turned out to be a colossal failure — and the beginning of the end for Napoleon. Hundreds of thousands of soldiers in Napoleon's Grand Army were killed or badly wounded: Out of an original fighting force of somemen, just 10, soldiers were still fit for battle.
News of the defeat reinvigorated Napoleon's enemies, both inside and outside of France. A failed coup was attempted while Napoleon led his charge against Russia, while the British began to advance through French territories. With international pressure mounting and his government lacking the resources to fight back against his enemies, biography essays, Napoleon surrendered to allied forces on March 30, On April 6,Napoleon was forced to abdicate power and went into exile on the island of Elba in the Mediterranean sea off of Italy.
His exile did not last long, as he watched France stumbled forward without him. In MarchNapoleon escaped the island and quickly made his way back to Paris. King Louis XVIII fled, and Napoleon triumphantly returned to power, biography essays.
But the enthusiasm that greeted Napoleon when he resumed control of the government soon gave way to old frustrations and fears about his leadership. On June 16,Napoleon led French troops into Belgium and defeated the Prussians; two days later he was defeated by the British, reinforced by Prussian fighters, at the Battle of Waterloo. It was a humiliating loss, and on June 22,Napoleon abdicated his powers. In an effort to prolong his dynasty he pushed to have his young son, Napoleon II, named emperor, but the coalition rejected the offer.
Helena in the southern Atlantic. For the most part Napoleon was free to do as he pleased at his new home. He had leisurely mornings, wrote often and read a lot. But the tedious routine of life soon got to him, and he often shut himself indoors. Napoleon died on May 5, biography essays,on the island of St. Helena at the age of In early he was bedridden and growing weaker by the day. In April of that year, he dictated his last will:. I die before my time, killed by the English oligarchy and its hired assassins.
Originally a royal chapel built between andthe Invalides were turned into a military pantheon under Napoleon. We strive for accuracy and fairness.
If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! Subscribe to the Biography newsletter to receive stories biography essays the people who shaped our world and the stories that shaped their lives. Napoleon III, the nephew of Napoleon I, was emperor of France from to His downfall came during the Franco-Prussian War, when his efforts to defeat Otto Von Bismarck ended in his capture. Maximilien de Robespierre was an official during the French Revolution and one of the principal architects of the Reign of Terror.
Louis-Philippe d'Orléans was France's last king. He took power in after the July Revolution, but was forced to abdicate after an uprising in Louis XVII was recognized by royalists as the King of France frombiography essays, when he was 8, until his death in Louis XVI was the last king of France —92 in the line of Bourbon monarchs preceding the French Revolution of He was married to Marie Antoinette and was executed for treason by guillotine in Louis XIII was king of France from to Under his reign, France became a leading European power.
Charles de Gaulle rose from French soldier in World War I to exiled leader and, eventually, biography essays, president of the Fifth Republic.
He served as president from to Hugo Chávez served as president of Venezuela from until his death biography essays During his presidency, he sold oil to Cuba and resisted efforts to stop narcotic trafficking in Colombia, and subsequently strained relations with the United States. He revoked the Edict of Nantes and is known for his aggressive foreign policy. Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military general who crowned himself the first emperor of France.
His Napoleonic Code remains a model for governments worldwide. READ NEXT. Olivia Rodrigo —. Megan Thee Stallion —.
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Dictionary of Literary Biography contributor Leon V. Driskell termed The Unsettling of America “an apocalyptic book that places in bold relief the ecological and environmental problems of the American nation.” Another essay collection, Recollected Essays, , has been compared by several critics to Henry David Thoreau’s Walden Apr 02, · Albert Camus became known for his political journalism, novels and essays during the s. His best-known works, including The Stranger () Introductory Essays of the DCB/DBC. The Acadians. For Educators. Exploring the Explorers. The War of Canada’s Wartime Prime Ministers. The First World War. Tweet this. Our Most Popular Biographies. THAYENDANEGEA. MEMBERTOU (baptized Henri) New Biography KINGSMILL
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